Are Inter-Company Loans Putting Your Family Business at Risk with HMRC

Inter-company lending has long been a practical solution for family-run businesses and owner-managed groups. These arrangements often support short-term funding, manage group cash flow, and facilitate internal investment. However, recent inter-company loans HMRC UK reviews have placed such transactions under increased scrutiny. HMRC is increasingly questioning whether such loans represent genuine commercial activity—or are being used to shift profits or obtain unintended tax advantages. With recent tax tribunal decisions and due to tightening legislation, companies can no longer afford to take a casual approach. At Apex Accountants, we recommend a thorough review of how inter-company loans are structured, recorded, and taxed within the framework of group company tax legislation.

Why Is HMRC Challenging Intercompany Loans?

Family-controlled companies frequently transfer funds between group entities to support trading operations or balance liquidity. But HMRC is questioning whether businesses are using these loans for genuine commercial purposes or to artificially generate tax benefits.

The issue lies in how these loans are treated for tax purposes—particularly when it comes to impairments, write-offs, and whether interest is deductible. These concerns are especially relevant for companies under common ownership, where one entity funds another within a closely held group. Inter-company loans tax implications UK guidance stresses that all such transactions must follow commercial logic to withstand review.

What Counts as “Connected” Under the Rules?

For corporation tax, “connected” companies have a defined meaning. CTA 2009 defines two entities as connected if:

• One company controls the other directly or through a chain of ownership, or
  
• Both companies are under the control of the same individual or individuals.
  

Unlike other tax definitions, this form of control does not include family attribution. For example, if a parent owns one company and their adult child owns another, HMRC may not treat them as connected under intercompany loan rules—unless both share control or make joint decisions.

This distinction is critical in deciding whether connected companies tax rules apply.

Tax-Neutral Write-Offs: Not Always So Simple

There’s a common assumption that loans between connected entities are automatically tax-neutral when forgiven. In simple terms, this would mean:

• The lender cannot claim a tax deduction for writing off the loan.
  
• The borrower is not taxed on the release of the debt.

However, this treatment only applies when the loan meets specific conditions:

1. The loan must qualify as a “money debt”—you must expect repayment in cash.
2. You must create the loan by actually lending funds, not by accumulating unpaid charges, goods, or services.

If either of these isn’t true, tax neutrality breaks down. The borrower may be taxed on the waived amount, and the lender might be denied relief. These consequences are a direct result of inter-company loans HMRC rules designed to prevent abuse.

The Risk of “Unallowable Purpose”

The unallowable purpose rule (CTA 2009, sections 441–442) enables HMRC to block tax deductions on interest or related expenses if the loan arrangement was motivated—even in part—by the intention of obtaining a tax advantage.

This test doesn’t just focus on individual transactions. Tribunals now consider the broader group context and commercial reasoning. Even if a loan had an operational use, if tax saving was a significant reason for the setup, deductions may be disallowed.

In the BlackRock and Kwik-Fit cases, HMRC successfully challenged intragroup lending where interest deductions were claimed while the underlying purpose appeared to be tax-driven rather than operational.

If you are relying on loans between HMRC connected companies, ensure they are not vulnerable under the unallowable purpose rule.

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Loan Write-Offs in Family-Owned Structures

Where a company writes off a loan to another under the same individual’s control but not within a formal corporate group, tax consequences can arise. In such cases:

• If the companies are part of a 100% UK group, a loan write-off is typically treated as tax-neutral and ignored for corporation tax.
  
• If not grouped, the waived loan may be considered a distribution to the shareholder in control.

Imagine Mr Ali owns both Company X and Company Y. If X writes off £15,000 lent to Y, and the companies are not in a group, HMRC may treat the deduction as if Mr Ali received a dividend personally. That could result in a personal tax bill at dividend rates—up to 39.35%—depending on his income level.

Where the corporation tax treatment of a write-off or related-company transaction is unclear, our corporation tax advisory services can help assess the position before the balance is released. 

This kind of scenario is increasingly being picked up under connected companies tax rules, especially when the loan wasn’t commercial or supported by proper agreements.

Director Loans: Beware of Sections 455 and 459

Section 455 CTA 2010 can apply where a close company lends money to a participator, typically a shareholder, or an associate of a participator. If the loan remains outstanding more than nine months after the end of the company’s corporation tax accounting period, the company may have to pay a Section 455 tax charge on the outstanding amount.

For loans made or benefits conferred on or after 6 April 2026, the Section 455 tax rate is 35.75%. The charge can generally be reclaimed after the loan is permanently repaid, although specific rules and time limits apply. HMRC’s director’s loans guidance also explains how loans to directors and shareholders are treated for tax and reporting purposes. 

Section 459 can also apply to certain indirect loan arrangements. For example:

• Company A makes a loan to Company B.
• As part of the same arrangements, Company B then provides funds or another benefit to a participator in Company A.

Where the statutory conditions are met, the arrangement can be treated as a loan to the participator for Section 455 purposes. This prevents close companies from avoiding the rules simply by routing funds through another person or company.s.

Impairment Losses and Accounting Standards

Under FRS 102 or IAS 39, businesses may recognise a reduction in the value of loans made to group companies. But if the loan is between connected companies, tax relief on the impairment is generally denied.

This restriction exists to stop groups from claiming relief twice—for example, once on a trading loss in the debtor company and again via an impairment in the creditor’s accounts.

Companies using fair value accounting for such loans must also switch to the amortised cost method for taxes. When the borrower and lender have a connection, this prevents volatile accounting valuations from affecting tax positions.

VAT Implications for Intercompany Charges

In the Tower Resources case, HMRC argued that management charges added to inter-company loan balances did not constitute VATable supplies, but the tribunal rejected this view.

Key lessons:

• Providing services to another company, even within a group, counts as a supply for VAT if consideration exists.
  
• Even if payment is deferred and recorded as a loan, output VAT may still be due.
  
• Input VAT can be recovered, assuming the services are for a taxable business activity.
  

For many businesses operating within related company structures, intercompany recharges should be carefully reviewed for VAT compliance.

Important Legal and Financial Considerations

Before forgiving any inter-company loan:

• Check distributable reserves. If the lender lacks sufficient reserves to write off the debt, the action could be deemed an unlawful distribution.
  
• Document intentions properly. If you never intended to repay the loan, it may not qualify as “money debt,” which removes the tax-neutral treatment.
  
• Use formal agreements and security where appropriate. With HMRC scrutiny increasing, well-structured documents can help prove business intent.
  

Common Pitfalls with Inter-Company Loans HMRC UK

• Lack of Documentation
  No formal loan agreements, undefined repayment terms, or missing board resolutions. Proper records are particularly important when dealing with inter-company loans HMRC UK scrutiny.
  
• Missing Reporting Requirements
  Loans made by a close company to participators may need to be disclosed with the company’s Corporation Tax return under the relevant Corporation Tax reporting for loans to participators requirements, so these balances should be identified and reported correctly.
  
• Misunderstanding ‘Control’
  Assuming companies are connected due to family ownership, even when control criteria are not legally met.
  
• Incorrect Accounting Treatment
  The application of fair value, rather than amortised cost, is crucial for tax compliance.
  
• Unallowable Purpose
  Loans are primarily structured for tax benefits rather than commercial reasons.
  
• Ignoring Distribution Rules
  Writing off balances without having sufficient reserves can lead to unlawful distributions and tax charges.
  

Summary: What You Need to Know About Inter-Company Loans Tax Implications UK

•  Not all loans between companies are automatically tax-neutral.
•  The unallowable purpose test can block deductions even when loans look legitimate.
•  Section 455 can apply even if director loans are routed through other companies.
• Inter-company recharges may still attract VAT liabilities.
•  Always follow HMRC rules on intercompany loans to prevent costly penalties.

Expert Support from Apex Accountants

Our team provides hands-on support for family businesses and group structures dealing with complex lending arrangements. Whether you’re looking for help managing tax risks in line with inter-company loans, preparing clear documentation, or reviewing historic balances, we’re here to help. 

From writing off group balances to navigating VAT and corporation tax, our expert advisors and tailored tax planning for family companies help keep your business compliant, tax-efficient, and well-prepared for HMRC scrutiny. If you would like professional advice on your current arrangements, you can contact Apex Accountants to discuss your position. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

What is Section 455 tax, and when does it apply to close company loans?

Under Section 455 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010, if a close company makes a loan to a director or shareholder (participator) that remains unpaid 9 months and 1 day after the accounting period end, the company must pay a 35.75% tax charge to HMRC. This tax is temporary and refundable once the loan is fully repaid, released or written off. 

What are HMRC’s ‘bed and breakfasting’ rules for loan repayments? 

Under Sections 464A–464D CTA 2010, HMRC prevents taxpayers from temporarily repaying a loan just before the 9‑month deadline and immediately reborrowing funds. If £5,000 or more is repaid and reborrowed within 30 days (or where there are arrangements to re‑borrow on larger loans), the repayment is matched against the new borrowing and Section 455 tax remains due. 

How should family companies structure inter-company loans to remain compliant?

Family businesses must execute formal loan agreements specifying commercial terms, repayment schedules, and market‑rate interest. For loans between connected companies, transfer pricing rules under TIOPA 2010 may apply if terms are non‑arm’s length. Maintaining clean director loan account (DLA) ledgers and professional accounting oversight prevents unexpected HMRC enquiries. 

 What happens if a director loan is written off by a family company?

If a family company writes off or releases a loan to a director‑shareholder, the written‑off amount is treated as a dividend distribution for income tax purposes under Section 415 ITTOIA 2005. The individual must report it on their self-assessment tax return and pay dividend tax; Class 1 National Insurance contributions do not normally arise on such distributions.