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A rise in dividend tax rates for the 2026/27 tax year and the continued freeze on personal allowances have narrowed the gap between remuneration through payroll and payouts of company profits. While a mix of salaries and dividends remains attractive, determining the best salary and dividend split for directors in 2026/27 requires a clear understanding of tax rules and the broader compliance environment.

The shifting tax landscape

The starting point for any remuneration decision is understanding the current tax thresholds for 2026/27, which form the basis of any salary and dividend strategy for UK company directors.

Key income tax thresholds:

• Personal Allowance: £12,570 (no income tax)
• Basic rate: 20% on income up to £37,700 above the allowance
• Higher rate: 40% up to £125,140
• Additional rate: 45% above £125,140

The Personal Allowance remains £12,570 for 2026/27 and is frozen under the current allowance-freeze arrangements. The allowance begins to taper once adjusted net income exceeds £100,000.

National Insurance thresholds:

• Lower Earnings Limit: £129 per week (£6,708 per year)
• Primary Threshold: £242 per week (£12,570 per year)
• Secondary Threshold: £96 per week (£5,000 per year)

Employer National Insurance becomes payable once salary exceeds the secondary threshold, which is significantly lower than the income tax threshold.

Dividend taxation:

• Dividend allowance: £500 (tax-free)
• Basic rate: 10.75%
• Higher rate: 35.75%
• Additional rate: 39.35%

For 2026/27, dividends above the £500 dividend allowance are taxed at 10.75% for basic-rate taxpayers, 35.75% for higher-rate taxpayers and 39.35% for additional-rate taxpayers.

For the latest dividend tax rates, directors should check the current HMRC guidance when reviewing their remuneration strategy.

Corporation Tax rates:

• 19% for profits of £50,000 or less
• 25% for profits above £250,000
• Marginal relief applies between these limits

For 2026/27, companies with profits between £50,000 and £250,000 generally fall within the Marginal Relief regime, so it is not correct to apply the 19% rate to the whole amount of profit in that range.

The current corporation tax rates should therefore be considered alongside the company’s profit level, accounting period and associated companies when calculating the tax cost of extracting profits.

Beyond tax rates, two practical considerations shape how directors structure their income.

Employment Allowance

• Reduces employer National Insurance liability by up to £10,500
• Not available to single-director companies with no additional employees
• As a result, sole directors must account for employer NIC on salaries above £5,000

National Minimum Wage rules

• Generally do not apply to directors acting purely as officeholders
• Apply only where a director has a formal employment contract
• This allows flexibility in setting salary levels within tax-efficient limits

Salary: securing tax relief but triggering contributions

Salary paid through payroll reduces taxable profits and therefore lowers corporation tax. It also counts as “qualifying income” for the state pension if it exceeds the lower earnings limit. Directors pay National Insurance on annual earnings above the primary threshold; HMRC notes that contributions are calculated on the director’s total annual income. Employers, however, must pay contributions on salary above the secondary threshold, regardless of whether the employee is a director.

For 2026/27, there are two frequently discussed salary points:

Lower earnings limit (£6,708 per year)

Paying a salary just above this limit secures a qualifying year for the state pension and avoids employee National Insurance contributions because the threshold for contributions is £12,570. However, because the secondary threshold is only £5,000, the company pays employer National Insurance on the difference (£1,708) at 15%, costing roughly £256. Salaries at this level provide limited corporation tax relief because the salary is small.

Personal allowance (£12,570 per year)

A salary equal to the personal allowance remains free of income tax and maximises corporation tax relief. For sole-director companies, the salary exceeds the £5,000 secondary threshold, so employer National Insurance of 15% applies to £7,570, an approximate cost of £1,135. Nevertheless, an additional £5,862 of salary (the difference between £12,570 and £6,708) at the 19% small-profits rate saves about £1,114 in corporation tax, offsetting much of the employer NIC bill. Companies that qualify for the Employment Allowance will have the first £10,500 of employer NIC covered, so a salary at the personal allowance level can be paid free of income tax and National Insurance.

Because directors’ National Insurance is calculated annually, it is straightforward to make a single year-end adjustment if multiple payrolls have been run during the year. Importantly, there is no legal obligation to pay the national minimum wage to directors without employment contracts, so setting a salary at a low level is lawful when there is no contract of employment.

Dividends: attractive but subject to restrictions

Dividends can only be paid from profits after corporation tax. They can’t be deducted for corporation tax, and if profits are low, they’re treated as a loan. HMRC’s director-information hub points out that dividends must be formally declared and recorded and can be paid at any time, but only from retained profits. Unlike salary, dividends are not subject to National Insurance. However, the tax-free dividend allowance is now just £500, and the rate for basic-rate taxpayers has increased to 10.75% from April 2026. The higher-rate dividend tax is 35.75%, which erodes much of the advantage relative to salary once income exceeds £50,270.

Because dividends fall on top of salary, directors must consider the combined income when estimating their tax band. Taking large dividends without sufficient profits may also breach company law: directors risk personal liability if they knowingly authorise unlawful distributions. Dividends cannot be used to avoid National Insurance where payments are actually employment income, and HMRC has powers to challenge arrangements that do not reflect their true nature.

Constructing the best salary and dividend split for directors 2026/27

A balanced approach typically involves a mix of salary and dividends, although the optimal split varies depending on profits and individual circumstances. A worked example shows why both corporation tax and national insurance need to be included when assessing the overall result.

Worked example: £100,000 company profit before salary

Consider a limited company with £100,000 of profit before the director’s salary and employer’s National Insurance, assuming it is a single-director company that is not eligible for Employment Allowance.

Salary and Employer National Insurance

A salary of £12,570 would use the director’s personal allowance, meaning no income tax or employee national insurance would be due on the salary. Employer National Insurance would, however, apply above the £5,000 secondary threshold. At 15%, the employer NIC would be approximately £1,136.

Corporation Tax and Post-Tax Profit

This leaves approximately £86,294 of taxable company profit after the £12,570 salary and employer NIC. Because this amount falls between £50,000 and £250,000, the company is subject to the 25% main corporation tax rate reduced by marginal relief, rather than paying 19% on the whole amount. The resulting Corporation Tax is approximately £19,118, leaving approximately £67,176 of post-tax distributable profit for dividends.

The dividends must therefore be paid only from the company’s post-tax distributable profits. They cannot simply be calculated by applying 19% corporation tax to the entire amount remaining after salary.

Dividend Tax for the Director

For the director, the £12,570 salary uses the Personal Allowance, while the £67,176 dividend is then taxed according to the available dividend tax bands. The first £500 benefits from the dividend allowance. The next £37,700 falls within the basic dividend rate and is taxed at 10.75%, producing approximately £4,053 of dividend tax. The remaining £28,976 falls within the higher-rate dividend band and is taxed at 35.75%, producing approximately £10,359 of dividend tax.

This gives a total dividend tax of approximately £14,412. After dividend tax, the director receives approximately £65,334 net from the salary-and-dividend combination, calculated as £12,570 salary + £67,176 dividends − £14,412 dividend tax.

How an All-Salary Structure Compares

For comparison, funding the entire £100,000 pre-salary profit through salary is constrained by employer National Insurance. Assuming no employment allowance, a gross salary of approximately £87,609 would use the available £100,000 once the employer’s NIC is included. The director would pay approximately £22,416 of income tax and £3,755 of employee national insurance, leaving approximately £61,438 in net salary. The company would also incur approximately £12,391 of employer NIC.

What the Comparison Shows

The comparison shows why the director salary dividend 2026 calculation needs to consider the company-level corporation tax and employer NIC as well as the director’s personal tax. In this example, the salary-and-dividend structure produces approximately £65,334 of net personal income compared with approximately £61,438 from an all-salary structure, although the precise result will change where the company qualifies for Employment Allowance, has associated companies, has other income or expenses, or the director has other taxable income.

The calculation also demonstrates the importance of the optimal salary dividend split being based on the company’s actual profit position rather than applying a fixed percentage or formula to every company.

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Key Considerations When Planning Salary and Dividends

Key considerations include the following:

• Assess profit levels. 

Dividends are only possible if the company has retained profits. Start by estimating expected profits after salary, employer NIC and overheads to identify the amount available for distribution.

• Choose a salary level

For sole-director companies, paying a salary equal to the personal allowance (£12,570) can support effective tax planning for directors’ salary and dividends in the UK by maximising corporation-tax relief while providing qualifying earnings for state-pension purposes; however, employer NIC must also be considered.

• Manage employer National Insurance

Companies with more than one employee can claim the Employment Allowance and offset up to £10,500 of employer NIC. If eligible, the allowance can materially change the cost of a £12,570 salary.

• Stay within the basic rate band

Where possible, directors should understand how total income affects their dividend tax bands. The basic Income Tax band is £37,700 above the personal allowance, giving a £50,270 threshold for a person with the full personal allowance. Once dividends take the taxpayer into the higher-rate band, the higher dividend rate applies to the relevant portion.

• Document dividends properly

Prepare board minutes and dividend vouchers. Ensure dividends are paid from sufficient distributable profits and are not disguised loans or payments for services. Misclassification can trigger HMRC enquiries and penalties.

• Consider other allowances

Company pension contributions can be tax-deductible and are generally not treated as employment income for the director, making them a potential part of the overall remuneration strategy. Similarly, legitimate benefits such as mobile phones or health checks may be provided where the relevant tax and NIC conditions are met.

• Use corporation tax planning carefully

Companies approaching the £50,000 or £250,000 Corporation Tax thresholds should consider how profit levels, associated companies and the Marginal Relief rules affect the amount ultimately available for distribution.

Why a Tailored Salary and Dividend Strategy Matters

While many directors still favour a salary around £12,570 alongside dividends, a tailored salary and dividend strategy for UK company directors is essential because every company’s circumstances differ. Profit levels, cash requirements, eligibility for the Employment Allowance, and personal tax situations (such as the high-income child benefit charge or tapered pension annual allowance) should all be considered.

The director salary dividend 2026 approach should therefore be reviewed alongside the director’s wider income, the company’s projected taxable profits and its available distributable reserves rather than treated as a universal formula.

Finding the Optimal Salary Dividend Split

For directors considering their optimal salary dividend split, professional advice can help model different remuneration combinations before salary and dividend payments are made.

How Apex Accountants & Tax Advisors can assist

Navigating the interplay between salary, dividends and corporation tax requires careful tax planning for directors’ salary and dividends in the UK. Apex Accountants & Tax Advisors can:

• Run payrolls and advise on the most tax-efficient salary level for your company;
• Calculate corporation tax savings versus National Insurance costs based on your profit projections;
• Ensure dividends are legal by reviewing retained earnings and preparing board minutes
• assess eligibility for the Employment Allowance and other reliefs;
• Integrate pension contributions and other benefits into your remuneration package
• monitor legislative changes, including consultations on participant payments.

Our Corporation Tax services can help companies assess their Corporation Tax position and understand how taxable profits affect the amount available for distribution. We also provide tax planning services to help directors consider salary, dividends, pension contributions and other remuneration options together rather than in isolation.

Directors reviewing their business structure can use our limited company vs sole trader calculator to compare the potential tax implications of operating through a limited company with trading as a sole trader. 

By tailoring our advice to your circumstances, we help you maximise your take-home pay while staying within the rules. Contact Apex Accountants today for a confidential discussion to review your 2026/27 remuneration strategy.

Frequently asked questions

What is the dividend allowance in 2026/27?

The dividend allowance, which is taxed at 0%, is £500 for the 2026/27 tax year. You can receive dividends up to this amount, in addition to your personal allowance, without paying dividend tax. Any dividend income above this threshold is taxed at 10.75% in the basic rate band and 35.75% in the higher‑rate band.

Do directors have to pay National Insurance on dividends?

No. Dividends are distributions of post‑tax profits and are not subject to National Insurance. However, dividends can only be paid from retained profits and are taxed separately as income.

What is the minimum salary I need to qualify for the state pension?

To accrue a qualifying year for state pension purposes, your salary must exceed the lower earnings limit, which is £6,708 per year in 2026/27. Paying yourself at or above this level secures your National Insurance record, even though you do not pay employee NIC until your salary exceeds £12,570.

Can my company pay dividends if it makes a loss?

No. HMRC’s guidance states that dividends can only be paid from retained company profits and must be formally declared. Taking dividends when there are no profits is illegal and is treated as a loan.

What is the Employment Allowance, and can my company claim it?

The Employment Allowance allows eligible employers to reduce their annual employer National Insurance liability by up to £10,500. To qualify, your business must have at least two employees or directors and must not be caught by the single‑director exclusion or other restrictions. Sole‑director companies with no other staff cannot claim the allowance.

Is there a ‘best’ salary and dividend split for every director?

There is no one‑size‑fits‑all answer. A salary equal to the personal allowance (£12,570) with dividends up to the basic rate limit (£50,270 total income) is often efficient because there is no Income tax on salaries and dividends is lower than income tax. However, the optimal mix depends on your profits, eligibility for the employment allowance, your personal tax situation, and your cash flow needs. Professional advice ensures that you remain compliant and make the most of available allowances.

What is the most tax-efficient director salary for 2026/27?

For most owner-managed companies, £12,570 remains a useful salary benchmark, using the Personal Allowance without employee NIC. The optimum depends on Employment Allowance eligibility, company profits and the director’s wider income.

How are dividends taxed in 2026/27?

Dividends are paid from post-corporation tax profits. The first £500 falls within the dividend allowance; amounts above this are taxed at 10.75%, 35.75% or 39.35%, depending on your tax band.

If you’re selling items online via Vinted, eBay or similar in the UK, it’s very useful to understand the Trading Allowance — what it is, how it applies, and when you still need to report to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) even if no tax is due.

What is the Trading Allowance?

• The trading allowance is a tax relief available to individuals in the UK
  
• For the current tax year an individual can earn up to £1,000 of gross income from trading, casual services or miscellaneous income without paying income tax or needing to report it to HMRC (in many circumstances).
  
• “Gross income” means the total income before you deduct any business expenses.
  
• It applies to individual sellers (not companies) and is separate from the normal “personal allowance” (which is the amount you can earn before paying income tax on employment income).
  
• If your gross trading income is £1,000 or less in the tax year, you may not need to register for Self-Assessment and may not need to tell HMRC at all.
  
• If your income exceeds £1,000, you still can claim the allowance (partial relief) but you must report the income via Self Assessment.
  

In short: think of the trading allowance as a basic “tax-free zone” for small online sales and casual trading.

Read our detailed Vinted tax reporting guide for UK sellers reaching the £1,700 threshold

How the Allowance Applies to Selling on Vinted, eBay & Other Platforms

When you sell items on platforms like Vinted, eBay or other marketplaces, the key considerations are:

1. Are you just selling unwanted personal items?

• If you’re simply clearing out your wardrobe and selling secondhand items you no longer use, this may not be treated as “trading”. In that case, the trading allowance may not even need to apply. HMRC guidance distinguishes “personal disposals” from “trading”.
• But if you regularly buy items to resell, or you treat the activity like a business, HMRC may view you as trading. Then the trading allowance rules apply.

2. Aggregate all your trading income from all platforms

• If you sell on Vinted, eBay, other sites or apps, you must add together your gross income from all those sources in the tax year.
  
• For example: sales of £600 on Vinted + £500 on eBay = £1,100 gross trading income. That exceeds the £1,000 allowance, so you move into the “over allowance” rules.
  
• Important: Use gross sales figures (before you deduct platform fees, your cost of purchases etc.). Income received net may under-state gross income.
  
• Even if one platform by itself is under £1,000, the total across all platforms matters.
  
  

3. Choose between claiming the allowance vs. expenses

• If your gross trading income is above £1,000, you have two main options:
  
  1. Claim the £1,000 trading allowance and deduct nothing else. Your taxable profit = gross income minus £1,000.
     
  2. Do not claim the trading allowance, instead deduct your actual business expenses (if that gives you a lower taxable profit). You cannot do both.
     
• If your expenses (for example cost of goods you purchased to resell, fees, shipping) are more than the £1,000 allowance, then deducting actual expenses may be more beneficial.
  

4. When you still need to register and report

• If your gross trading income exceeds £1,000 in a tax year, you must register for Self Assessment and report the income to HMRC.
  
• If your income is £1,000 or less, you may not have to report it — provided you have no other reason to send a tax return.

Calculation Example: Combining Sales from Vinted + eBay + Others

Let’s walk through a practical example to show how you calculate.

Scenario

• You sell on Vinted: gross sales £650 during the tax year.
  
• You also sell on eBay: gross sales £550 in the same tax year.
  
• Total gross trading income across platforms = £650 + £550 = £1,200.
  
• You have no other trading income.
  

Step by step

1. Total gross income = £1,200
   
2. Because total > £1,000, you cannot just rely on “no report” rule. You must register for Self Assessment and fill in a tax return.
   
3. You have two routes:
   
   • Route A: Claim the £1,000 trading allowance. Taxable trading profit = £1,200 – £1,000 = £200.
     
   • Route B: See whether your actual expenses are more than £1,000. Example: you spent £300 purchasing items to resell, and incurred £50 in platform fees and £100 in shipping → total £450 expenses. Since £450 is less than the allowance, Route A (using the allowance) is more beneficial.
     
4. On your Self Assessment you would show the gross income and then deduct the allowance (if you choose Route A) to arrive at the taxable profit.
   
5. You then add that taxable profit to your other income (employment, etc) to determine if you pay income tax. If the taxable profit falls within your personal allowance (£12,570 for many people) there may be no tax due — but reporting is still required because gross income exceeded £1,000.

Key points

• Even though the taxable profit is only £200 in example, you still had to report because the gross income exceeded £1,000.
  
• If the gross income had been £950 (under the £1,000 threshold) you could likely have not reported (assuming no other reason to submit a tax return) and no tax would be due.
  
• Always use gross income (before you deduct fees or costs) to check the threshold.
  
• If you choose to claim actual expenses instead of the allowance, ensure you keep accurate records of purchases, costs, shipping, platform fees etc.

When You Might Still Have to Report Even If Tax Isn’t Due

There are situations where you must report income even when you won’t owe any tax. These include:

• Your gross trading income exceeded £1,000 — you must register and file Self Assessment even if your taxable profit is zero or less.
  
• You receive other income that triggers the need for a Self Assessment return (e.g., you’re self-employed in another business, you owe tax on other income, etc.).
  
• Want to claim voluntary contributions for State Pension or benefits, or you have losses you want to carry forward — in those cases you may need to report.
  
• You receive income that HMRC has been notified about (for example platforms report user earnings) and they may expect you to declare.
  
• If you claim benefits (e.g., Universal Credit), note that for benefit-purposes the trading allowance is ignored (they look at your actual income & expenses).

So: even if you owe no tax, the fact that your gross income passes the threshold means you may need to file.

Quick Checklist for Sellers

• Keep track of all your sales (gross) from all sources – Vinted, eBay, other online platforms.
  
• Keep supporting records: dates, amounts, fees, shipping costs, purchases to resell (where relevant).
  
• At year-end (tax year is 6 April to 5 April in the UK):
  
  • Add up gross trading income.
    
  • If ≤ £1,000 and you have no other reason to report → you probably do not need to inform HMRC.
    
  • If > £1,000 → register for Self Assessment and decide: claim trading allowance (£1,000) or deduct actual expenses (choose whichever gives lower taxable profit).
    
• Submit your Self Assessment by the deadline (31 January following the end of the tax year for online filing).
  
• Even if tax is zero, if you were required to report you must file.
  
• Check whether you are “trading” or just disposing of personal items — the nature of your activity matters for how HMRC views it.
  
• If you’re unsure whether your activity counts as business/trading vs hobby/personal – seek advice.

How Apex Accountants Can Help with the £1,000 Trading Allowance

At Apex Accountants, we help individuals and small business owners across the UK understand and correctly apply the tax relief on online sales, like the £1,000 trading allowance. Selling online through Vinted, eBay, Etsy, or other platforms may seem simple, but when it comes to tax reporting, the details matter.

Here’s how we can assist:

• Evaluate if you’re trading or just selling personal items – We review your activity pattern, frequency, and intention to determine whether HMRC would classify it as trading.
  
• Calculate your gross income accurately – We combine figures from all platforms and help identify whether you cross the £1,000 threshold.
  
• Compare your options – Our advisors assess whether claiming the £1,000 allowance or deducting actual expenses offers a better tax position.
  
• Prepare and submit your Self Assessment – If you need to report to HMRC, we handle the filing process accurately and on time.
  
• Provide HMRC enquiry support – In case of any questions or checks, we help you respond confidently with full documentation.
  

Our goal is to make reporting tax on trading income clear, compliant, and stress-free — so you can focus on selling, not spreadsheets.

Final Word

The trading allowance is designed to simplify tax for modest earnings from casual trading. If your sales on Vinted, eBay or other platforms are small (under £1,000 gross in a tax year) then you benefit from a useful relief. However, once you pass that threshold, you must take action: record your income, choose whether to claim the allowance or expenses, and file a Self Assessment. Oversight or miscalculation of tax on trading income can lead to penalties or unexpected tax liabilities.

If you’d like help checking your own figures, assessing whether your activity counts as trading, have queries regarding available tax relief on online sales, or completing your Self Assessment correctly, feel free to contact us.

Frequently Asked Questions 

Does the £1,000 trading allowance apply to gross or net sales?

Gross. The allowance covers trading income (money received before expenses) across ALL your trading activities combined, not per platform. If combined gross takings pass £1,000, the allowance cannot be used for any of it.

How much can you sell on Vinted before paying tax in the UK?

There is no per-platform limit. If your combined gross trading income from all sources stays under £1,000 in the tax year, no tax is due. Selling your own unwanted possessions is not trading at all, however much you sell.

Do I have to pay tax if I sell on Vinted or eBay?

Only if you are trading—buying to resell, making items to sell, or selling new goods and your combined gross trading income passes £1,000. Platforms report seller data to HMRC, but a report is not a tax bill.

Capital gains tax can significantly reduce the proceeds you retain from a property, investment, shareholding or business asset disposal. Without careful planning, you may miss valuable opportunities to minimise capital gains tax and end up paying more than necessary.

Your final liability depends on several factors, including the type of asset, the size of the gain, your taxable income, available capital losses and any reliefs or exemptions that apply. Reviewing these areas before a disposal can help identify legitimate ways to reduce your tax exposure while remaining fully compliant with UK tax rules.

At Apex Accountants, we provide specialist capital gains tax advice to individuals, investors and business owners. Our team helps you calculate potential liabilities, assess available reliefs and plan disposals in a more tax-efficient way before important financial decisions are made.

Understanding Capital Gains Tax in the UK

Capital gains tax generally applies when you dispose of an asset that has increased in value. A disposal may involve selling an asset, giving it away or transferring it in circumstances where the tax rules apply.

The taxable gain is not normally based on the full amount received from a sale. The calculation generally takes account of the original acquisition cost, disposal proceeds and certain allowable expenses. Eligible losses and reliefs may then reduce the amount subject to tax.

Check Your Capital Gains Tax Allowance

It is important to monitor factors when estimating a potential liability. For the 2026/27 tax year, the annual exempt amount for most individuals is £3,000. Gains above the available exemption may be taxable after allowable deductions, losses and applicable reliefs have been considered. Your taxable income can also affect the rate applied to taxable gains.

The timing of disposals can also affect the amount of taxable gain arising in a particular tax year. Where several assets have increased in value, selling everything at once may result in a larger taxable amount than carrying out disposals at different times.

Using the available capital gains tax allowance as part of a wider investment strategy can therefore be worth considering. However, tax should not be the only factor behind an investment decision. Market conditions, personal finances and the reason for selling should also be taken into account.

Plan Before You Sell

Good preparation starts before an asset is sold. Reviewing the expected gain, your income, previous losses and any available reliefs can give you a clearer view of the likely tax position.

CGT planning UK can be particularly useful where a disposal involves a valuable investment, property or business interest. Decisions about when and how to sell should take account of commercial objectives as well as the potential tax consequences.

Use Capital Losses Where Appropriate

A loss on one asset may be available to offset taxable gains from another disposal, subject to the relevant rules. This can be useful when an individual has made gains and losses on different investments during the same tax year.

Records of losses should be retained carefully because they may be relevant to future tax returns. Certain unused losses can be carried forward, provided the applicable reporting requirements have been met.

Investors should also consider the share-matching rules. Buying substantially the same shares within 30 days of a disposal can affect the calculation of the resulting gain or loss.

Check Which Reliefs May Apply

Several reliefs can reduce or defer the amount payable when their specific conditions are met. Reviewing these options before a transaction takes place gives you time to establish whether the relevant requirements are satisfied.

Planning at an early stage can also help you minimise capital gains tax by allowing the potential liability to be considered before the disposal is completed. This does not mean every sale should be delayed, as the appropriate approach depends on the circumstances of the transaction.

Business Asset Disposal Relief

Business Asset Disposal Relief (BADR) is a specific relief for individuals who meet the conditions when disposing of qualifying business interests. It can apply to the disposal of all or part of a business or certain shares in a personal company.

Eligibility depends on factors such as the type of business interest, the individual’s ownership and involvement in the business, and how long the relevant conditions have been satisfied. Qualifying gains are subject to a special capital gains tax rate, with an 18% rate applying to qualifying disposals made from 6 April 2026. The relief is also subject to a £1 million lifetime limit on qualifying gains.

Private Residence Relief

When an individual sells their main home, Private Residence Relief may exempt some or all of the gain if the relevant conditions are satisfied.

The position can differ where part of the property has been used for business purposes, the property has been let or it has not been occupied as the owner’s main residence throughout the relevant period.

Other Reliefs

Other forms of relief may be relevant depending on the transaction. These can include Business Asset Rollover Relief, Incorporation Relief and Gift Hold-Over Relief. Some reliefs defer the tax rather than remove the liability permanently, so their long-term effect should be considered.

For hands-on help, our capital gains tax services cover planning and compliance.

Review Allowable Costs and Keep Good Records

One practical way to reduce capital gains tax is to identify all legitimate allowable costs when calculating the gain. Depending on the asset and circumstances, these may include certain acquisition costs, disposal expenses and qualifying expenditure incurred to improve the asset.

Keep invoices, contracts, valuations and other supporting documents relating to the asset. Clear records can make it easier to establish the correct figures when the disposal is reported.

Consider Transfers Between Spouses or Civil Partners

Transfers between spouses or civil partners can have important tax consequences. Where the relevant conditions are met, qualifying transfers are generally treated on a no gain, no loss basis.

This can allow each person’s individual tax position to be considered when planning a later disposal. However, transferring an asset does not automatically remove a tax liability, so the ownership position and future plans should be reviewed before making a transfer.

Consider Tax-Efficient Investment Accounts

ISAs can provide a tax-efficient way to hold investments because gains arising within an ISA are not subject to capital gains tax. ISA rules and annual subscription limits still apply.

Pensions operate under a separate tax regime and can offer other tax advantages. They should not, however, be treated as a direct exemption for assets that are held outside a pension arrangement.

Plan Carefully Before a Property or Business Sale

Property and business disposals can involve substantial gains, so CGT planning UK can be valuable before contracts are exchanged or a transaction is completed.

For UK residential property disposals where tax is due, there may be a requirement to report the gain and pay the amount due within 60 days of completion. Preparing the figures in advance can give you time to check the calculation and gather the necessary records.

Landlords selling rental property face their own CGT rules. They can reach out to our landlord tax accountants for better guidance.

Business sales require particular care because the tax treatment can depend on the structure of the deal, the assets involved and the reliefs available. Reviewing these points before agreeing to the terms can help identify potential tax costs at an early stage.

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How To Minimise Capital Gains Tax Legally

There is no single method that applies to every taxpayer. The appropriate approach depends on the asset, ownership arrangements, income, previous transactions and the reason for the disposal.

Reviewing available reliefs, allowable costs and the timing of a sale may help you reduce capital gains tax where the relevant rules permit. Any strategy should be based on genuine financial or commercial circumstances.

Practical steps may include:

• Reviewing the expected gain before a sale.
• Checking whether unused losses are available.
• Assessing eligibility for relevant reliefs.
• Considering whether the disposal date is appropriate.
• Reviewing ownership between spouses or civil partners.
• Identifying allowable acquisition and disposal costs.
• Keeping evidence for expenditure and valuations.
• Considering tax-efficient investment structures where appropriate.

A legitimate strategy should reflect a genuine financial or commercial decision rather than an artificial arrangement created solely to obtain a tax advantage.

Stay Up to Date With UK Tax Rules

Tax rates, allowances and relief conditions can change between tax years, so information that was correct previously may not apply to a current disposal. Before selling an asset, check the rules for the tax year in which the disposal takes place, including the applicable capital gains tax rates and available allowances.

It is also worth considering the timing and structure of a transaction before it takes place. Selling property, shares, investments or business assets can have different tax consequences depending on the circumstances. Reviewing the position in advance can help you estimate the potential liability and identify any reliefs that may be relevant.

Conclusion

Tax planning should begin before an asset is sold rather than after the transaction has been completed. Reviewing allowances, losses, allowable costs, ownership, timing and available reliefs can help you make informed decisions about a proposed disposal.

If you are considering a significant sale and are unsure about the tax implications, professional advice can help you assess the position and identify appropriate planning opportunities.

Need help with your capital gains tax position? Book a consultation with Apex Accountants to discuss your circumstances and potential liability.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I reduce my capital gains tax liability in the UK?

Potential approaches include using the available annual exempt amount, considering qualifying transfers between spouses or civil partners, checking eligibility for Business Asset Disposal Relief and reviewing the timing of disposals where commercially appropriate. For qualifying BADR disposals from 6 April 2026, the applicable rate is 18%, subject to the relief’s conditions and the £1 million lifetime limit. We provide tailored tax planning advice based on individual circumstances.

What is the annual exempt amount for capital gains tax?

The annual exempt amount for 2026/27 is £3,000 per individual. An individual can realise gains up to this amount before the exemption is exceeded, subject to the relevant rules. Spouses and civil partners are separate individuals for tax purposes, so each can have their own annual exempt amount.

What capital gains tax rate will I pay in 2026/27?

From 6 April 2026, individuals generally pay Capital Gains Tax at 18% on taxable gains falling within their unused basic rate band and 24% on gains above it. Gains qualifying for Business Asset Disposal Relief are taxed at 18%, subject to the relief’s conditions and the £1 million lifetime limit.

Do I have to pay Capital Gains Tax when I sell my main home?

You will normally have no Capital Gains Tax to pay if your property qualifies fully for Private Residence Relief. The relief may be restricted if the property was not your main residence throughout the relevant ownership period or part of it was used exclusively for business purposes.

How long can I carry forward capital losses?

Allowable capital losses can be carried forward and used against taxable gains in future tax years. A loss must normally be claimed within four years after the end of the tax year in which the disposal occurred. Once properly claimed, unused losses can continue to be carried forward until they are used.

Do I pay capital gains tax if I give an asset to a family member?

Potentially. Gifts to most family members are generally treated as disposals at market value for capital gains tax purposes, even where no money is received. Transfers between spouses or civil partners who are living together are generally made on a no gain, no loss basis, subject to specific exceptions.

When do I need to report capital gains tax on a UK residential property?

If capital gains tax is due on a UK residential property disposal, UK residents generally need to report the disposal and pay the tax within 60 days of completion. Different reporting requirements apply to other gains, which may be reported through self-assessment or HMRC’s applicable reporting service.

Can reinvesting the proceeds of a sale reduce capital gains tax?

Reinvesting sale proceeds does not, by itself, remove a capital gains tax liability. However, Business Asset Rollover Relief may allow tax on qualifying gains to be deferred where eligible business assets are replaced and the relevant conditions and time limits are met.

Do I pay capital gains tax on investments held in an ISA?

No capital gains tax is normally payable on gains from qualifying investments held within an ISA. The overall ISA subscription limit for the 2026/27 tax year is £20,000.

Do I pay capital gains tax on inherited property or investments?

There is normally no Capital Gains Tax charge simply because you inherit an asset. For CGT purposes, inherited assets are generally treated as being acquired at their market value at the date of death, and CGT may become payable if you later dispose of the asset at a gain above that value.

Selling online gives businesses access to a wider customer base, but VAT for e-commerce can become complicated when turnover increases, sales are made through different platforms, or goods are imported from overseas.

Understanding when VAT registration is required, which VAT rate applies, and how to handle marketplace and import transactions is essential for staying compliant with HMRC. Getting these areas wrong can lead to incorrect VAT returns, unexpected liabilities and avoidable compliance issues.

This guide explains the key UK VAT rules for e-commerce businesses, including registration thresholds, VAT rates, marketplace sales, imports, record keeping and VAT Returns, so you can manage your obligations with greater confidence.

What Is VAT?

Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax charged on most goods and services supplied in the UK.

VAT-registered businesses generally charge VAT on taxable sales and may reclaim eligible VAT incurred on business purchases. The difference between VAT charged to customers and recoverable VAT on purchases is normally reported to HMRC through VAT returns.

The main legislation governing VAT in the UK is the Value Added Tax Act 1994, supported by the Value Added Tax Regulations 1995 and subsequent regulations and amendments.

For e-commerce businesses, VAT treatment can depend on what is being sold, where the customer is located, where the goods are when sold and whether the sale is made directly or through an online marketplace.

When to Register for VAT for E-Commerce 

The current UK VAT registration threshold is £90,000.

You normally need to register for VAT if:

• Your taxable turnover exceeded £90,000 over any rolling 12-month period.
• You expect your taxable turnover to exceed £90,000 in the next 30 days.
• You take over a VAT-registered business as a going concern, and the transfer conditions in VAT Notice 700/9 require registration (or transfer of the existing VAT number).

Taxable turnover can include standard-rated, reduced-rated and zero-rated supplies. It is not simply the amount on which you actually charge 20% VAT.

If your taxable turnover exceeds the VAT threshold set by HMRC, which was £85,000 before 1 April 2024, your VAT registration obligations should be reviewed against the threshold applicable at the relevant time.

For businesses operating today, the applicable registration threshold is £90,000. HMRC also sets a current VAT deregistration threshold of £88,000.

You can also register voluntarily if your taxable turnover is below the compulsory registration threshold. This can sometimes be beneficial where a business regularly incurs VAT on its costs and can legitimately recover that VAT.

What Counts Towards the VAT Threshold?

For an online retailer, taxable turnover may include revenue from:

• Sales through your own website
• Sales through online marketplaces
• Retail platforms and other digital selling channels
• Certain business-to-business sales
• Other taxable goods and services supplied in the UK

It is important to monitor turnover across all relevant sales channels rather than looking at individual platforms separately. This is an important part of managing e-commerce VAT UK obligations as an online business grows. 

VAT Rates for E-Commerce Sales

Once registered, an e-commerce business must apply the correct VAT treatment to each taxable sale.

The principal UK VAT rates are:

• 20% standard rate – applies to most taxable goods and services.
• 5% reduced rate – applies to specific goods and services where legislation provides for it (for example, domestic fuel and power, certain energy-saving materials, children’s car seats and some medical aids).
• 0% zero rate – applies to certain qualifying goods and supplies (for example, most food and drink for human consumption, children’s clothing and footwear, printed books and newspapers, and many exports).

Some supplies may also be exempt from VAT. Zero-rated and exempt supplies are not treated in the same way:

• Zero-rated supplies are taxable but at 0% VAT; they count towards the £90,000 registration threshold and normally allow full recovery of input VAT on related costs.
• Exempt supplies fall outside the scope of taxable turnover; they do not count towards the registration threshold and generally block recovery of input VAT on related costs (subject to partial exemption rules).

Businesses should therefore establish the correct VAT treatment for each product or service rather than assuming that “no VAT charged” automatically means the transaction is zero-rated.

For online retailers selling different types of products, product-level VAT classification is particularly important. Applying 20% VAT automatically to every product can result in incorrect VAT accounting, misstated VAT returns and potential compliance issues with HMRC.

VAT on Sales Through Online Marketplaces

Many e-commerce businesses sell through platforms such as Amazon, eBay and other online marketplaces.

Marketplace VAT rules can differ depending on:

• Whether the seller is established in the UK
• Where the goods are located
• Whether the customer is in the UK
• The value of the consignment
• Whether the sale is made directly by the seller or through the marketplace

In certain circumstances, the online marketplace itself is responsible for collecting and accounting for UK VAT rather than the overseas seller.

For example, special rules apply to certain goods sold to UK customers where the goods are located outside the UK when sold and the consignment has an intrinsic value of £135 or less. Online marketplaces can have VAT obligations for qualifying transactions.

Businesses should therefore avoid assuming that the marketplace automatically deals with every VAT obligation. The seller may still have separate registration, reporting and record-keeping responsibilities.

VAT on Imported Goods Sold to UK Customers

The VAT treatment of imported goods is particularly important for e-commerce businesses sourcing products from overseas.

For goods sold directly to UK consumers from outside the UK, different rules can apply depending on the value of the consignment and where the goods are located at the time of sale.

Goods with an Intrinsic Value of £135 or Less

For qualifying consignments with an intrinsic value of £135 or less sold directly to customers in Great Britain, UK VAT is generally accounted for at the point of sale rather than collected as import VAT in the usual way.

The £135 limit applies to the total intrinsic value of the consignment, rather than being calculated separately for each item within it.

Where an overseas seller is required to account for UK VAT on these sales, it generally needs to register for UK VAT and charge the appropriate VAT to the customer.

There are specific rules for business-to-business sales where the UK customer is VAT registered and the relevant conditions are met.

Goods Above £135

Where the intrinsic value of the consignment exceeds £135, the normal import VAT and customs rules generally apply.

The business may need to consider:

• Import VAT
• Customs duties where applicable
• Customs declarations
• Who is responsible for importing the goods
• Whether the business can recover import VAT
• The terms agreed with the customer or logistics provider

This makes it important to establish the VAT and customs position before deciding how products will be shipped to UK customers.

Overseas Sellers Supplying UK Customers

An overseas business without a UK establishment can have UK VAT obligations even where its turnover is below the normal UK VAT registration threshold.

For example, an overseas seller may need to register for UK VAT where it supplies goods to UK customers under the rules applying to overseas businesses.

The treatment depends on factors such as:

• Whether the goods are already in the UK
• Whether the goods are imported specifically for the sale
• The value of the consignment
• Whether the sale takes place through an online marketplace
• Whether the customer is a business or consumer

Overseas businesses should therefore not rely solely on the £90,000 domestic registration threshold when assessing their UK VAT obligations. Where an overseas seller operates through a UK limited company, its wider tax responsibilities should also be considered, as e-commerce limited companies may require corporation tax services to manage their corporation tax obligations. 

Goods Held in the UK Before Sale

If an overseas e-commerce business owns goods that are already located in the UK when they are sold to customers, different VAT obligations can arise.

An overseas seller may need to register for UK VAT and account for VAT on those sales.

This can affect businesses using:

• UK fulfilment centres
• Third-party logistics providers
• Warehouses
• Fulfilment services operated by online marketplaces
• UK-based stock storage arrangements

Businesses should establish where legal ownership and physical possession of stock sit before the sale, as the location of goods can affect the VAT treatment.

Import VAT and Postponed VAT Accounting

UK VAT-registered businesses importing goods may use Postponed VAT Accounting (PVA) if they meet the relevant conditions.

PVA generally allows eligible businesses to account for import VAT on their VAT return rather than paying the import VAT immediately when goods enter the country.

The business records the import VAT as both:

• Import VAT due to HMRC, and
• Input tax recoverable, subject to the normal rules.

This can improve cash flow because the business does not normally need to fund the import VAT before reclaiming it through its VAT return.

Businesses using PVA must still retain the relevant import documentation and make sure the VAT return treatment is accurate.

VAT on E-Commerce Exports

Selling goods from the UK to customers overseas does not automatically mean that UK VAT should be charged.

For goods exported from Great Britain, the supply may qualify for zero-rating where the relevant conditions are met and the business holds the required evidence of export.

However, the customer may still be subject to import VAT, customs duties or other local charges in the destination country.

For a UK e-commerce business, it is therefore important to distinguish between:

• UK VAT treatment of the sale
• Export requirements
• Import requirements in the destination country
• Responsibility for taxes and customs charges
• The delivery terms agreed with the customer

Businesses should not describe an overseas sale simply as “VAT-free” without establishing why the transaction qualifies for zero-rating.

Digital Products and Services

E-commerce VAT is not limited to physical products.

Businesses selling digital products or services, such as:

• Downloadable software
• Online subscriptions
• Digital content
• Online courses
• Streaming services
• Certain electronically supplied services

may need to consider different VAT place-of-supply rules.

The VAT treatment can depend on the nature of the service and where the customer belongs. Digital services supplied to consumers can be subject to specific rules based on the customer’s location.

Businesses selling digital products should therefore establish whether the supply is subject to UK VAT or whether different rules apply based on the customer’s location.

VAT on Returns, Refunds and Cancelled Orders

Returns are common in e-commerce, particularly for consumer-facing retailers.

When a customer returns an item and the business refunds the purchase price, the VAT accounting may also need to be adjusted.

Your accounting system should allow you to reconcile:

• Original sales
• VAT charged
• Returned goods
• Refunds
• Credit notes
• Marketplace adjustments
• Shipping charges
• Discounts and promotions

This is particularly important where a business processes hundreds or thousands of transactions each month.

A mismatch between the e-commerce platform, payment provider and accounting records can lead to incorrect VAT returns. Accurate treatment of refunds is also an important part of managing VAT on online sales. 

Keeping Accurate VAT Records

VAT-registered businesses must maintain appropriate records to support their VAT accounting.

For an e-commerce business, useful records can include:

• Sales invoices
• Purchase invoices
• Credit notes
• VAT calculations
• Marketplace reports
• Payment processor records
• Import documentation
• Export evidence
• Refund records
• Stock and fulfilment information
• VAT Returns
• Records supporting input VAT claims

VAT records generally need to be retained for at least six years from the end of the VAT period to which they relate. HMRC also has specific record-keeping requirements for certain schemes and circumstances, such as 10-year retention for VAT MOSS/OSS/IOSS records and additional rules for businesses within Making Tax Digital for VAT. 

Keeping complete records is particularly important for businesses using several platforms because sales information can otherwise become fragmented. This is also an important consideration when reviewing HMRC e-commerce regulations and ensuring your records support the VAT treatment applied to your transactions. 

Making Tax Digital for VAT

Most VAT-registered businesses are required to comply with Making Tax Digital (MTD) for VAT.

This means businesses generally need to:

• Keep specified VAT records digitally
• Use compatible software
• Maintain the required digital links where more than one software product is used
• Submit VAT returns electronically to HMRC

HMRC’s MTD rules are supported by the Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2018 and Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2021, which amended the VAT Regulations 1995. Certain MTD requirements therefore have the force of law.

For e-commerce businesses, MTD can be particularly relevant where sales data comes from several systems, such as an online shop, marketplace, payment processor and accounting software.

The systems should be structured so that the information used to prepare the VAT Return can be transferred and reconciled appropriately.

VAT Returns and Payment Deadlines

VAT-registered businesses normally submit VAT Returns quarterly, although other accounting periods and VAT schemes can apply.

A VAT Return generally reports:

• VAT charged on sales
• VAT reclaimed on eligible purchases
• The resulting amount payable to HMRC or repayable to the business

For most VAT accounting periods, the VAT Return and payment are due one calendar month and seven days after the end of the accounting period.

Businesses should allow sufficient time to reconcile marketplace reports, payment processors, refunds and purchase invoices before submitting the return.

Understanding how VAT on online sales flows through your sales platforms and accounting system can make this reconciliation process more accurate. 

Can You Reclaim VAT Before VAT Registration?

In certain circumstances, a business that registers for VAT may be able to reclaim VAT incurred on eligible purchases made before registration.

There are specific time limits and conditions. Broadly, eligible goods can generally qualify if purchased within four years before registration and still held or otherwise meet the relevant conditions, while eligible services can generally qualify if purchased within six months before registration.

The rules are subject to detailed conditions, so businesses should review historic invoices before making a claim rather than assuming all pre-registration VAT is recoverable.

Common VAT Mistakes Made by E-Commerce Businesses

Online retailers can face VAT problems when their accounting systems do not reflect how their sales actually operate.

Common mistakes include:

Applying 20% VAT to Every Product

Not every taxable product is necessarily standard-rated. Businesses should establish the correct VAT liability for each product category.

Monitoring Each Platform Separately

The VAT registration threshold applies to relevant taxable turnover rather than to each individual sales platform. A business should consider its overall position.

Assuming the Marketplace Handles Everything

A marketplace may be responsible for VAT on particular transactions, but this does not automatically remove every VAT obligation from the seller.

Ignoring Where Goods Are Located

The location of stock when a sale takes place can significantly affect VAT treatment, particularly for overseas sellers and fulfilment arrangements.

Treating Imports as Ordinary Purchases

Imported goods can involve customs and import VAT considerations that do not arise with ordinary UK purchases.

Failing to Reconcile Refunds

Returns and refunds need to be reflected accurately in the VAT records and underlying accounting system.

Relying on Incomplete Marketplace Reports

Marketplace statements may contain fees, refunds, VAT adjustments and other transactions. Businesses should understand what each figure represents before importing the data into their accounting software.

How to Improve VAT Compliance for Your E-Commerce Business

A practical VAT process can help reduce errors and make reporting easier.

Consider the following steps:

1. Monitor taxable turnover regularly rather than waiting until the end of the year.
2. Review your VAT position whenever you change your sales model, marketplace or fulfilment arrangement.
3. Classify products correctly before applying VAT rates.
4. Separate UK sales, imports and exports within your accounting records.
5. Reconcile marketplace and payment processor reports against your accounting system.
6. Keep evidence for imports and exports where required.
7. Use MTD-compatible accounting software for VAT records and submissions.
8. Review refunds and credit notes regularly.
9. Check VAT treatment when introducing new products or services.
10. Seek professional advice where overseas sellers, imports or complex marketplace arrangements are involved.

Following the relevant HMRC e-commerce regulations and maintaining consistent processes can help businesses reduce errors as their online sales grow. 

UK VAT Legislation Relevant to E-Commerce

Several pieces of UK VAT legislation and associated HMRC rules can be relevant to e-commerce businesses. Understanding this framework is an important part of managing e-commerce VAT UK obligations correctly. 

The principal framework includes:

• Value Added Tax Act 1994 – the primary UK legislation governing VAT.
• Value Added Tax Regulations 1995 – detailed regulations supporting the operation and administration of VAT.
• Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2019 – introduced the core Making Tax Digital for VAT requirements into the VAT Regulations. 
• Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2021 – made further amendments to the VAT framework, including MTD-related requirements.

Businesses should also consider the relevant HMRC VAT notices and guidance for their particular circumstances, as VAT treatment can depend on the type of transaction, customer, goods and supply chain.

Why VAT Compliance Matters for E-Commerce Businesses

VAT errors can become expensive as an online business grows.

A retailer processing hundreds of orders may not immediately notice that a VAT setting is incorrect. By the time the problem is identified, the business may need to correct multiple VAT Returns, pay additional VAT and potentially deal with interest or penalties.

A robust VAT process can help you:

• Apply the correct VAT treatment
• Monitor registration obligations
• Reconcile online sales
• Manage import VAT
• Maintain appropriate records
• Submit accurate VAT Returns
• Reduce the risk of avoidable compliance problems

For businesses using multiple sales channels, VAT should be considered as part of the wider accounting and technology setup rather than treated as a year-end exercise.

How Apex Accountants Can Help With E-Commerce VAT

E-commerce businesses often have more complex VAT requirements than traditional businesses because transactions can flow through several platforms and fulfilment arrangements.

At Apex Accountants, we can help e-commerce businesses understand their VAT obligations, maintain accurate records, prepare VAT returns and establish processes that support ongoing compliance. Online sellers benefit from our dedicated e-commerce accountant services, with support tailored to the needs of online businesses. 

Our support can include:

• VAT registration: Assessing whether and when your business needs to register for VAT.
• VAT Returns: Preparing and submitting accurate VAT returns.
• E-commerce VAT advice: Reviewing the VAT treatment of online sales, marketplace transactions and different sales channels.
• Import VAT support: Helping businesses understand their VAT position when importing stock into the UK.
• VAT reconciliation: Reviewing sales, refunds, marketplace fees and payment records.
• MTD compliance: Helping businesses maintain appropriate digital VAT records and use compatible accounting systems.
• VAT compliance reviews: Identifying potential errors and areas where your existing VAT processes could be improved.

Whether you sell through your own website, online marketplaces or a combination of platforms, getting the VAT structure right can help you remain compliant as your business grows.

Final Thoughts

VAT compliance is an important part of running a successful UK e-commerce business. The correct treatment can depend on your turnover, products, customers, sales channels, stock location and import arrangements.

With the UK VAT registration threshold currently at £90,000, businesses should monitor taxable turnover carefully and review their VAT position as their sales increase.

For businesses involved in imports, marketplace sales or complex fulfilment arrangements, professional advice can help ensure that VAT is accounted for correctly and that your systems support accurate reporting.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does VAT work for e-commerce sellers in the UK?

UK e-commerce sellers must register for VAT when their taxable turnover exceeds £90,000. For sales to EU customers, the destination country’s VAT rate may apply. Marketplaces such as Amazon and eBay may collect VAT on your behalf in certain circumstances. We help e-commerce sellers navigate cross-border VAT requirements.

What is the VAT threshold for online sellers?

The VAT registration threshold is £90,000 for 2025/26. If your taxable turnover from online selling exceeds this amount, you must register for VAT. The £1,000 trading allowance may apply to small-scale sellers who do not need to register for VAT.

Who is eligible for 5% VAT?

The 5% reduced VAT rate applies to specific essential or socially targeted supplies, including domestic fuel and power (gas, electricity, heating oil), children’s car seats, mobility aids for people aged 60+, smoking‑cessation products, and certain residential conversions or renovations.

Do you pay tax on e-commerce?

Yes—e‑commerce sales are subject to UK VAT if you’re VAT‑registered or required to register (taxable turnover over £90,000, or immediately for overseas sellers). Marketplaces may collect VAT as “deemed suppliers” on some cross‑border or low‑value consignments.

What is VAT for online platform services?

Online marketplaces must charge and account for VAT on certain sales, such as qualifying sales by overseas sellers or imported consignments worth £135 or less. UK sellers sending goods from UK stock usually remain responsible for their own VAT. 

Who pays VAT, the buyer or seller?

The seller charges, collects, and pays VAT to HMRC; the buyer ultimately bears the cost as part of the price. For B2B sales, the buyer may reclaim input VAT, but the legal duty to account for VAT rests with the seller (or marketplace, if deemed a supplier).